George A. Mashour , MD, PhD *† , Roy K. Esaki , MS, MD * , Kevin K. Tremper , PhD, MD * , David B. Glick , MD ‡ , Michael O'Connor , MD ‡ and Michael S. Avidan , MBBCh §∥ + Author Affiliations From the Departments of *Anesthesiology, and †Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ‡Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Departments of §Anesthesiology, and ∥Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Address correspondence and reprint requests to George A. Mashour, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1H247 UH/SPC-5048, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048. Address e-mail to gmashour@umich.edu . Next Section Abstract BACKGROUND: Intraoperative awareness with explicit recall occurs in approximately 1–2 cases per 1000. Given the rarity of the ev...